Hip hop culture has influenced American lifestyle since it was
"introduced" in the mid-70s in New York. It has changed our music, our
fashion, our vocabulary, our idea of success, and our way of
life...especially for African-American children, myself included,
growing up fully during the hip-hop explosion during the '80s, '90s and
now '00s.
That said, I've written a lengthy, if not comprehensive, history of hip
hop. Regardless of your liking or disliking of current rap music, this
is a must-read if you don't know who DJ Kool Herc, Big Daddy Kane or
Lupe Fiasco are.
A Hip-Hop History Lesson
DJ Kool Herc is considered the “pioneer of hip hop” because he brought
the dancehall influences of his Jamaican childhood to Bronx, New York
in the mid-1970s. As early as 1973, Herc would throw parking lot
parties playing music with huge speakers in the backseat of his car.
Eventually others caught on and by the late ‘70s and turn of the
decade, Grandmaster Flash and The Sugarhill Gang, of “Rapper’s Delight”
fame were notable hip hop artists in New York.
Based on the success of “Rapper’s Delight” and following Blondie’s
“Rapture” and Queen’s “Another One Bites the Dust”, hip hop was
starting to catch mainstream attention. By this point in the early
1980s, hip hop was well established in New York and had expanded to the
streets of Los Angeles. Break dancing, rapping, graffiti (and to a
lesser degree beatboxing) were the major tenets of the hip hop culture
at this time. Fashion followed suit with jumpsuits, Kangol hats, Shell
top adidas, and other trends that have influenced fashion for years
since.
Just around the time MTV and BET were working out their early-year
kinks, hip hop was getting ready for primetime and a young entrepreneur
and his Jewish friend were ready to capitalize on the opportunity. With
the creation of Def Jam Records by Russell Simmons and producer Rick
Rubin, Run-DMC quickly rose to pop fame. The group consisting of Joseph
“Run” Simmons who was Russell’s younger brother, his best friend Darryl
“DMC” McDaniels, and later the addition of DJ Jason Mizell, a.k.a. Jam
Master Jay), released three albums from 1984 to 1986, including the
smash hit album ‘Raisin’ Hell’ which featured the hit single and remix
of Aerosmith’s “Walk this Way”. The album sold over 3 million copies
and cemented hip hop’s place in popular music.
Further bolstering Def Jam’s success were the rise of hip hop’s first
white rappers, a group called Beastie Boys. Their 1986 album “License
to Ill” went five time platinum after being the first-ever hip hop
album to go #1 on the Billboard chart and earned them a touring gig
with Madonna before going on their own world tour with tracks like
“Fight For Your Right to Party”.
Ladies Love Cool James, or LL Cool J, was another Def Jam artist to
usher in hip hop to the mainstream. The young Queens native was Def
Jam’s first official signing and he didn’t disappoint. His 1985 album
‘Radio’ launched a career with Def Jam that remains today, 12 albums
later (his 13th album, tentatively titled ‘Exit 13’ will be out this
winter). His female-geared tracks “I Need Love” and “’Round the Way
Girl” weren’t popular amongst the hardcore rap fans who expected songs
like “I’m Bad” and “Mama Said Knock You Out”, but rapping to the women
has always been LL’s bread and butter.
By this time, another young rapper from Philadelphia called the Fresh
Prince was bringing a pop feel to hip hop. Will Smith, who turned down
the opportunity to attend M.I.T., and his DJ friend “Jazzy Jeff” Townes
rose to fame on the pop strength of songs like “Girls Ain’t Nothin’ But
Trouble” and “Parents Just Don’t Understand”, which also earned the duo
a Grammy, making Will Smith the first Grammy-winning rap artist.
Grammys, platinum albums, and MTV’s Yo! MTV Raps and BET’s Rap City
were popular programs showcase hip hop music. Just when it seemed hip
hop was making the full transition into pop phenomenon, a few lyrical
masters hit the scene to help make sure hip hop had some artistic
stature as well.
KRS-One’s 1987 debut ‘Criminal Minded’ introduced the voice of the
rapper commonly known as “the teacher” because of his education-themed
songs. His song “South Bronx” was the battle track directed at
Queens-natives Marley Marl and MC Shan who led the Juice Crew, which
also featured notable rappers Big Daddy Kane, Biz Markie, and Kool G
Rap. Kane would later go on to solo success in 1988 with his debut
album ‘Long Live the Kane’ featuring the classic track “Ain’t No
Half-Steppin”.
Also in the later ‘80s, Rakim’s ‘Paid in Full’ album with DJ Eric B.
received critical acclaim when it was released that same year and many
continue to consider Rakim to be the greatest rap lyricist of all time.
Also in ’87, Public Enemy - led by politically-charged rapper Chuck D
and hypeman Flavor Flav - released ‘Yo! The Bum Rush Show’ to critic’s
delight.
However, the emergence of several artistically gifted and critically
acclaimed hip hop artists was met with the full emergence of “gangsta
rap” with a South Central Los Angeles group called N.W.A., short for
Niggaz With Attitude. The combination of Easy-E, Dr. Dre, DJ Yella, MC
Ren, D.O.C., Ice Cube, and Arabian Prince and Krazy Dee (both would
leave before NWA’s peak) would go on to record ‘Straight Outta Compton’
which went three times platinum and introduced America to street-life
and anger like never before.
Counter-balancing the anger-infused songs of groups like NWA were the
hip hop party and melodic tracks by New York’s newest hip hop
innovators, known as the Native Tongues crew. Led by the 1988 debut
success of Long Island-based trio De La Soul (‘3 Feet High and Rising’)
and the 1989 follow-up by another trio called A Tribe Called Quest
(‘People’s Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm’), hip hop had
new voices. Queen Latifah also came out of this hip hop crew and her
debut, ‘All Hail the Queen’, was commercially successful as well. The
success of these artists coincided with the growing success of Source
magazine, started by Harvard students David Mays and Jon Schecter in
1988. Source quickly became the go-to hip hop publication and it’s “5
Mic” designation certified an album as a classic. Many of the
aforementioned albums by Run-DMC, LL Cool J, Beastie Boys, LL Cool J,
Big Daddy Kane, Eric B. and Rakim, KRS-One, N.W.A. and both De La Soul
and A Tribe Called Quest earned this designation.
However, with the decline of New York-based rappers like Rakim, Kane,
Run-DMC, and KRS-One, NWA jumpstarted the West Coast takeover of rap
music. The only concern was that hip hop was left in New York and
gangsta rap would become the new norm. By the early ‘90s, Ice Cube had
launched a successful solo career, Dr. Dre finagled his way out of his
contract with NWA and Easy E to move to Death Row Records and join
newly-signed rapper Snoop Doggy Dogg.
With the commercial success of artists like MC Hammer and Vanilla Ice,
West Coast rappers felt the need to continue showing America that rap
music wasn’t all dance and gimmick. Just around this time, Ice Cube’s
solo career was flourishing and rappers like Will Smith were crossing
over into TV and film, landing Cube a role in the John Singleton 1991
film ‘Boyz in Da Hood’ which would jumpstart a new era in black
cinematography by displaying ghetto life in places like Compton and
Long Beach.
The following year, Dr. Dre’s masterpiece ‘Chronic’ hit stores and
instantly became a rap classic with songs like “Nuthin’ But a G Thang”
and “Let Me Ride” rising up the charts and helping the album sell
millions of copies. In 1993, Snoop’s ‘Doggystyle’ nearly matched
‘Chronic’ with its album sales with chart-topping songs like “Gin and
Juice”. The East Coast, especially New York, resented the high profile
of West Coast rap and envied the millions they were seeing Dr. Dre,
Snoop and Ice Cube making on a music form they felt they owned and
built.
The East Coast retaliated with a slew of classic, critically if not all
commercially successful, albums. From 1993 to 1996, several new New
York artists gained notoriety for vivid street tales and a mixing the
jazz-influenced style of Rakim with the syncopated flow of Big Daddy
Kane. First it was Raekwon and Ghostface Killah, two members of the
newly-formed Wu-Tang Clan, which featured nine rappers. With their
1993, debut ‘Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)’ Rae and Ghostface, along
with Method Man, established lengthy careers in rap and influenced an
entire generation of up-and-coming rappers.
Among those influenced were Jay-Z, a former student of Big Daddy
Kane’s, Nas, a friend of A Tribe Called Quest’s frontman Q-Tip,
Notorious B.I.G., who was signed to Sean “Puff Daddy” Combs’ Bad Boy
label, Mobb Deep, also from Queens natives like Nas, and Busta Rhymes,
who was a part of Leaders of the New School and featured on the A Tribe
Called Quest party-track “Scenario”.
Immediately following the success of Wu-Tang, was the success of Nas
who was seen as the “next great thing from New York”. With Rakim-like
poetic delivery, Nas elevated any beat he rapped on, even when they
were produced by the best producers of the time including Q-Tip, Heavy
D, MC Serch, Pete Rock (“The World is Yours”) and DJ Premier. His
debut, ‘Illmatic’, was an instant classic but failed to do well
commercially. Mobb Deep’s ‘The Infamous’ album was also designated a
classic album, with its hit song “Shook Ones Part II” which is
long-considered the mid-90s rap anthem.
Christopher “Notorious B.I.G.” Wallace., started rapping just years
earlier, and met Sean Combs, a young executive from Uptown Records
(which had success with R&B acts such as Mary J. Blige) was looking
for a young talent to start a new label on his own. Combs convinced
B.I.G. to quit the drug game just in time to capitalize on his talents
and record ‘Ready to Die’, which went on to multi-platinum and “5 Mic”
status with hits like “Big Poppa” and “One More Chance”. Many
considered B.I.G. the best rapper ever from that point on. Last of this
New York group was the energetic Busta Rhymes whose “Woo-Hah! Got You
All in Check” rose up the charts in 1996 and launched a still-going
career of chart success.
Although some regional groups such as Houston-based Geto Boys, Bay Area
rapper E-40 and Miami-based 2 Live Crew gained popularity amongst rap
fans, it wasn’t the early-to-mid ‘90s that rap fully began spreading
its tentacles beyond the Coasts. In 1994, Chicago’s Common experienced
both success and resentment (from Ice Cube) for his single “I Used to
Love Her (H.I.P.H.O.P.)” which talks about the history of hip hop and
its artistic and creative downfall due to gangsta rap. Also in 1994,
Outkast’s debut ‘Southernplayalisticadillacmusik” was dropped and
earned recognition from true hip hop fans around the country, although
it wasn’t until their follow-up ‘ATLiens’ dropped in ’96 that the group
started getting wider national attention. Along with Jermaine Dupri,
who produced Kriss Kross and Da Brat, Outkast - backed by Organized
Noise and Goodie Mob - helped put Atlanta on the music map.
With hip hop’s arms spreading through the budding success of rappers
all around the country, the overall success and growth of the music
form still came down to the traditional battle of East Coast vs. West
Coast. Unfortunately, these battles materialized themselves into the
voices and lyrics of two popular rappers: B.I.G. and Tupac Shakur, who
had previously befriended the Brooklyn rapper.
Tupac had already experienced success from his first three studio
albums ‘2Pacalypse Now’, ‘Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z’ and ‘Thug Life
Volume 1’. Songs like “Brenda’s Got a Baby” and “I Get Around”
demonstrated the contradictory themes that would highlight Tupac’s
career. Also, Tupac was a budding actor, having starred in captivating
roles in the 1992 film ‘Juice’ and the 1994 film ‘Above the Rim’.
Tupac, however, still focused on his fast-rising rap career, at least
until he was shot five times in 1994. After several legal run-ins,
Tupac began serving a prison stint, and from jail his ‘Me Against the
World’ album hit #1 on the Billboard chart. Fueled with conspiracy
theories about his shooting, both in his head and in the media, and the
continued star status of B.I.G. and Puff Daddy, Tupac was released from
prison and joined Death Row Records where label owner Suge Knight was
already made famous for hanging Vanilla Ice out of a balcony to force a
pay-off for his “Ice Ice Baby” success.
With label owners Suge Knight and Puff Daddy taking jabs at each other,
their respective rapper friends joined the fray. Tupac’s ‘All Eyez on
Me’ and B.I.G.’s ‘Ready to Die’ took shots at each other’s credentials,
consummating in an industry-wide East vs. West battle for rap music’s
supremacy. The battle was short lived, but it survived long enough to
lead to the shooting deaths of both Tupac (Sept. 7, 1996 in Las Vegas)
and B.I.G. (March 9, 1997 in L.A.). Hip hop, from that point on
officially died according to some critics, while others contend the
music form had already been lost and rap music had formally taken over
with the murders of two rap legends.
With hip hop music on the decline, highlighted by the breakup of A
Tribe Called Quest, and the end of an era with West Coast rap, New York
was back on top. Only this time, there were no guns involved in the
battle for the throne. Instead, two friends - Jay-Z and DMX - put the
music form on their backs and shared the load in the latter part of the
‘90s. Jay-Z’s 1998 “Hard Knock Life” and 1999 “Big Pimpin” were pop
chart successes and DMX’s debut album ‘It’s Dark and Hell is Hot’ went
on to sell four million copies on the strength of his single “Get at Me
Dog”. The two would later co-headline the Hard Knock Life Tour, which
was the first major rap tour since the Def Jam heyday in the late ‘80s.
While Jay-Z and DMX brought unique talents to the lyrical platform, it
was their beatmakers - lead by Timbaland, Swizz Beats - who followed
Dr. Dre and legendary Nas and Notorious B.I.G.-producer DJ Premier by
raising the profile of the producer in making a hit album. Perhaps,
more than anyone else, Puff Daddy benefited from this new transition
since he was credited with having produced albums for dozens of artists
even when it was not him, but one of his dozen or so “hit makers” who
actually did the work. Puff Daddy’s ‘No Way Out’ album made the most of
this producer-friendly environment, along with the death of his best
friend, B.I.G.
Jay-Z and DMX were the kings of rap, but they weren’t alone at the top
of the charts. New Orleans crashed the coastal party with the success
of Juvenile ‘400 Degreez’ and Cash Money group Hot Boyz, which featured
a young Lil’ Wayne who has since gone on to a mildly-successful solo
career. Master P’s No Limit Records were also part of the onslaught of
New Orleans-based hit records. And back in New York, the Latin rap
scene exploded with the success of Fat Joe protégé Big Pun’s debut
‘Capital Punishment’.
Not to be forgotten, Dr. Dre returned to the production throne with his
third album ‘Chronic 2001’ which featured his renewed collaboration
with Snoop Dogg and more work from his most recent chart-topping
artists protégé, Emimen. A white rapper from Detroit, Eminem stormed
the scene with his debut ‘The Slim Shady LP’ taking jabs at Britney
Spears, N*Sync and other pop acts of the day. “My Name Is” quickly rose
up the charts of Total Request Live, the latest video show on MTV that
helped push rap even further into the mainstream.
Following the continued success of Dr. Dre, several producers continued
raising their profiles. The 2000s can be considered the “producer era”
in rap music history with Timbaland, Swizz Beats, Pharrell and the
Neptunes, Lil' Jon, and Kanye West all dropping solo albums after years
of success as producers for popular rappers including Snoop Dogg,
Jay-Z, St. Louis-based Nelly and Atlanta-based Ludacris, who both
became chart-topping regulars in the decade with their respective 2000
debuts, ‘Country Grammar’ and ‘Southern Hospitality’.
Another development of the early 2000s was the rapper-singer
collaboration, which is not new to hip hop (LL Cool J did a song with
Boyz II Men in the mid-90s), but greatly expanded in recent years. Ja
Rule rose to fame on the strength of his songs with singers Jennifer
Lopez, Ashanti and Christina Milian. His fancy for rapper-singer
collaborations also drew the ire of fans and other rappers, including
the up-and-coming rapper 50 Cent, who was shot nine times and nearly
died in 2000. Regardless, rap-sung collaborations have grown to the
point of requiring the Grammys create a new award category, and nearly
every rap album features a song of this sort. Jay-Z’s relationship with
Beyonce is but an example of the growing relationship between rap and
R&B music.
With producers having little to no obligation to produce for one
particular artist, the 2000s have seen the enhanced role of
collaboration and fostering of “camps” of rapper friends. As for the
collaboration, this is most notable with production albums by the likes
of Atlanta’s Lil’ Jon, Virginia natives the Neptunes led by Pharrell,
and Timbaland (also from Virginia) whom have all showcased their
production skills on albums featuring all the popular rappers of the
last decade. The “camps” concept is evident with the launching of rap’s
current stars, 50 Cent, Kanye West, and T.I.
50 Cent, discovered by Run-DMC’s Jam Master Jay, which is a strange
circle-of-life type of story when one considers 50’s near-death
experience in 2000 mirroring Tupac’s story and Jay’s 2002 death which
came just months before 50’s debut album ‘Get Rich or Die Tryin’ went
on to sell over 10 million copies in 2003 through Dr. Dre and Eminem’s
joint-venture to sign the Queens rapper and create an offshoot label,
G-Unit Records. The Game, Young Buck, and Lloyd Banks are other artists
whom have experienced success while signed to G-Unit. The Game has
since left G-Unit after the multi-platinum success of his 2005 debut
‘The Documentary’ led to a feud between himself and 50; the departure
is discussed in “Doctor’s Advocate” on his 2006 follow-up of the same
name.
Chicago-based producer Kanye, influenced by the Native Tongues crew and
New York producers like DJ Premier, was able to raise his profile by
aligning himself with Jay-Z, and hip hop acts such as fellow Chicago
native Common, whom he would later help to gain his first major taste
of commercial success with ‘Be’ in 2005. Singer-songwriter John Legend
of “Ordinary People” Grammy-fame has also joined Common on Kanye’s
label, G.O.O.D. Music, while Kanye himself remains on Jay-Z’s Rocafella
Records. Recently, Pharrell, Kanye, and fellow Chicagoan Lupe Fiasco,
whose 2006 ‘Food & Liquor’ won over critics, if not millions of
fans, have joined to form a group that will feature their collaborative
efforts.
In closing, the ‘80s saw the introduction of hip hop to the nation, the
‘90s saw the expansion of hip hop’s step-brother rap, and the 2000s
have been about the enhanced role of the rapper-executive, regional
allegiance (and collaboration) and the importance of the producer. Hip
hop and rap are permanently married, but one can only hope they are the
type of couple that grows more similar with each passing year. There
are plenty of skeptics.
Noteworthy events of the still-unfinished decade include the battle and
reconciliation of Jay-Z and Nas, Jay-Z’s ascension to CEO of Def Jam
Records, a aforementioned battle between 50 Cent and The Game, the
continued success of Atlanta, and other Southern rappers, and the
“scratch my back” collaborative environment of rap and R&B these
days.
Perhaps intentionally I saved my mention of Atlanta-rapper T.I. for
last because his career demonstrates the current trend and trajectory
of rap music. He started out on the mixtape circuit rapping tales of
drug trade and life on the streets that also made 50 Cent popular in
the early part of the decade, then earned himself a label deal only to
end up in jail during its peak (‘Trap Musik’) much like Tupac before
him.
After his release from jail, T.I. quickly aligned himself with the top
producers, rappers, and singers of the day on his platinum albums
‘Urban Legend’ and ‘King’ which featured The Neptunes, Mannie Fresh,
Just Blaze, Nelly, and Jamie Foxx. He had a notable battle with Houston
rapper Lil’ Flip and has had lyrical run-ins with both Lil’ Wayne and
Ludacris. He’s been featured on hit songs with Destiny’s Child
(“Soldier”) and Justin Timberlake (“My Love”), won Grammys, started
himself a movie career (‘ATL’ and the upcoming Denzel-Crowe flick
‘American Gangster’), and befriended Will Smith and Jay-Z along the
way.
Now, you can see T.I. in Chevy commercials with Dale Earnhardt, Jr.,
his songs are featured on ESPN (“Big Things Poppin”), his friends are
having success (Young Dro’s “Shoulder Lean”), and he’s earned himself
the “King of the South” title he proudly boast on his records. It’s
only proper that his latest album has a track called “Help is Coming”
which states “I got the game on lock, it ain’t gonna stop/say hello to
the man that could save hip hop”.
Not bad for a guy that grew up in the ghetto, tried to make it 'up' as
a drug dealer, ended up serving prison time, and has since become one
of the most notable artist today.
Hip hop and rap music, like the yin/yang concept of T.I.’s current
chart-topping album T.I. vs. T.I.P., is constantly at odds with itself,
but at the end of the day they still need each other.
Recent Comments